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Йонограми и разчитане на йонограми - Версия за принтиране

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Йонограми и разчитане на йонограми - mzk - 20-09-2021

Кратко изложение на отражението и поглъщането от йоносферните слоеве: http://www.astrosurf.com/luxorion/qsl-perturbation.htm

Световна карта н F2: https://www.sws.bom.gov.au/HF_Systems/6/5

https://dr2w.de/dx-propagation/

Белгия: https://digisonde.oma.be/ionogif/latest.html

Италия: http://ionos.ingv.it/roma/latest.html

Полша: http://rwc.cbk.waw.pl/iono/

Германия: https://www.iap-kborn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/MAIN-abteilung/radar/Radars/Ionosonde/Plots/LATEST.PNG

Гърция (иска регистрация): http://www.iono.noa.gr/ http://195.251.202.49/ionogif/latest.html



https://www.ukssdc.ac.uk/ionosondes/ionogram_interpretation.html



Цитат:An ionogram is a graph of time-of-flight against transmitted frequency. Each ionospheric layer shows up as an approximately smooth curve, separated from each other by an asymptote at the critical frequency of that layer. The upwardly curving sections at the beginning of each layer are due to the transmitted wave being slowed by, but not reflected from, underlying ionisation which has a plasma frequency close to, but not equaling the transmitted frequency. The critical frequency of each layer is scaled from the asymptote, and the virtual height of each layer is scaled from the lowest point on each curve.
An ionogram can be much more complicated than just two layers. There can also be such phenomenon as;
  • The F1 layer. An additional layer which appears in the F region, between the two existing peaks. To tell the two Flayers apart, the upper layer is referred to as the F2 layer, and the lower layer the F1 layer.

  • Sporadic E, Es. This layer is a patchy, very dense layer sometimes exceeding 16 Mhz (3.1 x 10^11 /m^3). Despite their intensity, these layers do not extend over a large height range, and so do not exhibit an asymptote at the critical frequency, as the transition is too sudden. They appear on an ionogram as a narrow horizontal line at around 100km. An intense Es layer can prevent any echoes from reaching the upper layers This is known as blanketing.

  • Multiple hops The return signal can skip from the Earth to the ionosphere and back again, sometimes several times before it is attenuated. These multiple echoes appear on an ionogram at multiples of the original virtual height.

  • D-region Absorption. This is caused by ionisation in the D-region that absorbs the transmitted wave before it can return to the ground. This absorption is characterised by no echoes being received from the low frequency end of an ionogram.

  • Lacuna. When turbulence occurs (as the result of large electric fields for example), the stratified nature of the ionosphere gives way to a more complex structure. Under such conditions, the reflected signal may not reach the receivers, and so the height range at which the turbulence occurs is lost on the ionosonde trace. Such gaps are termed Lacuna and their position on an ionogram gives some indication as to the height at which the turbulence is occurring.

  • Spread-F. With an ionosonde, echos are received from any portion of the ionosphere where the electron density gradient is perpendicular to the transmitted wave. This most often happens overhead, but occasionally conditions exist such that echoes from other regions of the sky return to the ionosonde. If the electron concentration in these regions differs from the ionosphere overhead, two traces are observed. For a given angle from the zenith, the horizontal separation is greatest in the F-region, and so differences in ionospheric conditions are most likely to be observed in the F-region. If the geometry is right for echoes to be received from a whole range of locations and the ionospheric conditions vary over that range (such as when a trough is overhead) multiple traces will appear on an ionogram, and the F trace is said to be 'spread'. With a digital ionosonde, such as the Dynasonde, these traces can be resolved by considering the horizontal position of each echo.




https://www.wirelesswaffle.com/index.php?entry=entry110112-212228


Цитат:Previously on Wireless Waffle we have discussed ways of checking and even gaining some knowledge of the state of propagation of the short-wave bands. But for truly advanced users, there is a way to find out the actual state of propagation for a particular location in real time. Scattered around the world are a series of ionosondes. These ionosondes are rather like radars in that they transmit a signal to the ionosphere and measure the time taken to get a response. They do this across a range of short-wave frequencies.

The result is a chart called an ionogram. An ionogram is effectively a radar picture of the height of the ionosphere at the location immediately above the ionosonde as well as providing an indication of its refractivity, over a range of frequencies. An example ionogram taken from the ionosonde in Dourbes, Belgium, is shown below.

ionogram

The ionogram is the ultimate way of assessing short-wave propagation. It tells us exactly what is going on. To help interpret the ionogram, there are also a useful set of figures provided in the diagram which give us some very useful information. So... how do we interpret the ionogram to help understand HF propagation?

In the ionogram above, the strong red/pink line extending from just below 3 MHz to just above 6 MHz shows that the ionosphere above Belgium was refracting radio signals in that frequency range straight back down again (ie at an angle of 180 degrees) - it was acting like a mirror for radio frequencies in this range. As the frequency goes above 6 MHz, the line bends upwards until eventually it goes off the top of the chart. This is the point at which the ionosphere stops refracting signals back down (at 180 degrees), however it will continue to refract signals at higher frequencies which hit it at lower angles (less than 180 degrees).

From this simple data, together with the height of the ionosphere (the scale up the left hand side of the chart) it is possible to calculate a number of very useful figures, and this is done for us.

Firstly, we have the maximum usable frequency (MUF). This is shown amongst the figures to the top right of the chart (in this case 27.62 MHz) and is also repeated at the bottom of the chart (under the label 3000 km). The MUF is the highest frequency which the ionosphere will reliably reflect radio signals. It is also the one which has the lowest refraction angle. What this means is that signals at this frequency will be refracted by the ionosphere (above Belgium in this case) but only where the path between the ends of the link hits it at a low angle, which equates to a path length of around 3000 km. Two stations, each 1500 km away from Belgium, the centre of whose path is above Belgium, will therefore be able to communicate at a frequency of 27.6 MHz. So a station in Western Ireland and one in Romania are likely to be able to communicate on this frequency. Equally one in Spain and one in Sweden might too.

The second useful frequency shown is the one shown as 'foF2' in the diagram (top right). In this example foF2 is 7.15 MHz. foF2 is the highest frequency at which the ionosphere above Belgium will refract signals at an angle of 180 degrees, ie straight back down. If you therefore want to communicate from somewhere in Belgium, to the same place in Belgium, using the ionosphere, this is the highest frequency I can use. How useful! But the best bit is the interpolations between foF2 and the MUF. These are the figures shown at the bottom of the chart under the various distances (from 100 km to 3000 km). These are the maximum frequencies I can use to communicate over the distance shown.

In this example, if my path length is 100 km, the highest frequency I can use is 7.9 MHz. If my path length is 1000 km, the highest frequency I can use is 11.7 MHz. Now this is really useful. If I want to communicate from London to Stuttgart, a distance of approximately 800 km, of which Belgium is roughly half way (in the centre of the path) the highest frequency I could use, in this instance, is 10.2 MHz.

What is the lowest frequency I could use? That is more difficult. What the diagram does tell us, however, is that for short paths, (ie from Belgium to Belgium) the ionosphere was successfully refracting signals at frequencies as low as 3 MHz. How do we know this? There is a nice red/pink reflection on the chart at this frequency. Below it, the picture becomes rather scattered indicating that the refracted signal was not reliable.

So, what can we ascertain:
The highest frequency being refracted by the ionosphere above Belgium is around 27.6 MHz. This is the highest frequency at which two stations separated by 3000 km for whom Belgium is in the centre of their path, will be able to communicate - the MUF.
The highest frequency which can be used to communicate from one location to the same location (in Belgium) using the ionosphere is 7.15 MHz - foF2.
For a range of distances, we can work out the maximum frequency which can be used.
For short paths, we can find out the lowest possible frequency being refracted by the ionosphere (around 3 MHz in this case) and thus the lowest frequency which can be used.

We can also take a stab at assessing how strongly the ionosphere is refracting. The phantom reflections shown at around 450 km height are signals which were refracted from the ionosphere, then reflected by the earth and then refracted again by the ionosphere. These phantom reflections would tend to suggest that the strength of refracted signals is particularly good, as it has been strong enough to rebound from the earth and refract again! Sometimes, three or even four phantoms can be seen, indicating very strong refractions which would suggest that short wave signals would be very strong.